Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Guegan J-F, Suzan G, Kati-Coulibaly S, Bonpamgue DN, Moatti J-P. Sustainable Development Goal #3, “health and well-being”, and the need for more integrative thinking. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2018;5(2). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.5.2.443 . Recently, the United-Nations adopted 17 sustainable development goals for the 2030 Agenda. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 “Ensuring a healthy life and promoting well-being for all ages” is one of the most transversal goals, which is interconnected with the other SDGs. The health and well-being are the aim of this goal and also, they are the result of other goals that empower people to develop better in different social, economic and productive areas. The SDG 3 is a multiple and universal resource on which sustainable development policies can be based, in particular for the most needed countries, and can lead to the sustainable maintenance of well-being and health. However, SDG 3 faces a high sectorization, so there is a risk of not being able to achieve the stated objectives. Only a national and international reflection on human population and animal health surveillance devices, environmental health, implementation of appropriate indicators and specific research funding will ensure the balance between the legitimacy of society’s demands and the needs of scientific and medical excellence. The health and well-being indicators that are needed to achieve the agenda goals are based on reliable and relevant quantitative data, which are currently rare or even non-existent in some regions. Therefore, it is now necessary to initiate a more integrative international animal and public health and research strategy in order to collect new data, particularly those relating to current emerging infectious diseases that affect public and animal health, especially in developing countries. Figure 1. (a) Simplified representation of the relationships between the environment and its different ecological and biogeographic components, depending on the distribution and abundance of infectious diseases and their hosts (vectors and/or reservoirs), and to the individual and family income. The form and severity of infections interact with the income by introducing a complex dynamic between these two parameters.

Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Barron-Rodriguez RJ, Chavez-Maya F, Loza-Rubio E, Garcia-Espinosa G. Isolation and characterization of influenza A virus (H6N2) from a temporary artificial pond in Mexico. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2018;5(2). doi: 10.21753/5.2.475. . Most epidemiological surveillance studies of the influenza A virus (IAV) have focused on the isolation and detection of the virus in wild birds. However, there are limited descriptions of both the wild duck population and the purpose and size of the aquatic habitats where viruses have been detected or isolated. The objective of this study was to determine if a pond of 16 hectares (39.536 acres), used for agricultural and fishing purposes and visited by approximately 9000 wild migratory ducks consisting of nine different species during the wintering stay, is suitable to support the isolation of IAV. One influenza A virus was isolated from Pekin ducks used as sentinels during the wintering stay season from September 2007 to March 2008. Only one IAV subtype was isolated from 9 of the 88 samples collected from the sentinel ducks over seven months, and the molecular characterization of this isolate revealed an H6N2 virus subtype. Based on this information, it is suggested that a pond such as the one in this study provides a suitable biological setting to support the presence of IAV, but the minimum biological environment to isolate the influenza A virus is still unknown. Figure 1. Location of the artificial pond in the State of Mexico with 19°24’22” N, 99°41’36” W coordinates and the routes of migratory birds in America (Google Earth).

Veterinaria Mexico OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: Turral Ramirez MM, Cordova Ponce R, Gonzalez Ruiz C, Castaneda Aceves G, Marin Flamand E, Garrido Farina G, Ramirez Alvarez H. First identification of Herpesvirus infections among endemic and exotic psittacines in Mexico. Veterinaria Mexico OA. 2017;4(4). doi: 10.21753/vmoa.4.4.469 . The illegal trafficking of exotic birds such as parrots is now the third most lucrative business in the world and has been a problem for several years. As a result of this trafficking, there has been an increase in the emergence of exotic diseases. Herpesvirus is a pathogen of psittacines that has not been identified in Mexico to date. Through the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and pathological analyses, the present study demonstrates the presence of herpesvirus in endemic and exotic psittacines in Mexico. The study was based on 50 birds, with clinical signs of herpervirus infection, and 45 clinically healthy birds. DNA samples were obtained from proctodaeal cells of the healthy birds, collected through the use of an enema; additionally, the liver, kidneys, brain, large intestines, and lungs of five birds exhibiting clinical signs suggestive of herpesvirus infection, were collected and fixed in buffered formalin for histopathological examination. PCR assays revealed herpesvirus infection in 8 clinically healthy birds, including four exotic species, and one endemic species. On necropsy, four of the five birds with clinical signs of herpesvirus infection showed lesions caused by herpesvirus, and the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in various tissues. Thus, these results demonstrate that there is a high risk of herpesvirus infection in endemic Mexican psittacines, which could significantly impact the health of these populations. Figure 5. a) Liver with mononuclear infiltrate (MNI) (100× magnification). The image shows the parenchyma at the interstitial level with a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate characterized by the presence of lymphocytes (L), plasma cells (P), and macrophages (MO). b) Liver with necrosis and mononuclear infiltrate (40× magnification). Zones of coagulative necrosis (N) delimited by the inflammatory mononuclear infiltrate (arrow) are evident. c) Kidney with necrosis and mononuclear infiltrate (10× magnification). Renal parenchyma with extensive areas of coagulative necrosis (N) between the cortex and the medulla were observed. These areas were characterized by a marked loss of architecture and cellular detail and were delimited by mononuclear inflammatory cells (arrows). d) Necrotic intestine (100× magnification). The intestine developed severe coagulative necrosis (N) throughout the mucosa. Additionally, inflammatory infiltrates of mononuclear cells were observed near the basal membrane of the mucosa (arrows).

EL OBJETIVO DEL TRABAJO FUE ANALIZAR LOS CAMBIOS COMO EL INCREMENTO DE PESO CORPORAL, RELACION CARNE-HUESO-GRASA, PESO DE LA CARCAZA, INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN LA MASA MUSCULAR Y NIVELES SANGUINEOS DE TRIYODOTIROXINA, INDUCIDOS POR LA OVARIECTOMIA. SE REALIZARON DOS EXPERIMENTOS DIFERENTES, EN DISTINTOS CAMPOS DE ARGENTINA: A) VACAS JOVENES Y B) VACAS VIEJAS. CADA GRUPO EXPERIMENTAL FUE DIVIDIDO AL AZAR EN DOS, CASTRADAS Y TESTIGOS, MANTENIDOS AMBOS EN IDENTICAS CONDICIONES DE MANEJO. LA CASTRACION SE REALIZO CON LA TECNICA TRANSVAGINAL DE DUTTO. EN TODOS LOS GRUPOS EXPERIMENTALES SE MIDIO LA HORMONA TRIYODOTIROXINA EN SANGRE, EL AUMENTO DE PESO CORPORAL Y LA RELACION COSTO-BENEFICIO DEL TRATAMIENTO. EN B SE MIDIO, ADEMAS, PROGESTERONA SANGUINEA, RENDIMIENTO DE LA CANAL, RELACION CARNE-HUESO-GRASA E INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN MASA MUSCULAR. SE OBSERVO AUMENTO DE LA GANANCIA DE PESO CORPORAL EN VACAS CASTRADAS JOVENES (A), MIENTRAS QUE NO HUBO DIFERENCIAS ENTRE CASTRADAS Y TESTIGOS EN VACAS VIEJAS (B). EN EL EXPERIMENTO B HUBO MAYOR RENDIMIENTO DE LA CANAL, MENOR INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN LA MASA MUSCULAR EN LAS CASTRADAS RESPECTO DE LAS TESTIGO. EN TODOS LOS EXPERIMENTOS AUMENTO LA TRIYODOTIROXINA EN LAS CASTRADAS Y FUE POSITIVA LA RELACION COSTO-BENEFICIO. EN CONCLUSION, LA OVARIECTOMIA AUMENTA LOS VALORES DE TRIYODOTIROXINA Y TIENE UNA RELACION COSTO-BENEFICIO FAVORABLE. EN VACAS JOVENES MEJORA LA GANANCIA DE PESO CORPORAL. EN VACAS VIEJAS MEJORA EL RENDIMIENTO DE LA CANAL Y DISMINUYE LA INFILTRACION DE GRASA EN LA MASA MUSCULAR.

IN ORDER TO CORROBORATE THE EFFECT OF A CITRUS BY-PRODUCT ON WEIGHT AND SERUM LIPIDS, 80 WINTERING HALF-BRED ZEBU COWS MAINTAINED ON NATIVE GRASSLAND WERE USED. FOR TWO CONSECUTIVE YEARS, 20 ANIMALS OPERATED AS CONTROLS (C) AND ANOTHER 20 WERE SUPPLEMENTED (S) WITH FRESH CITRUS PULP (15 ± 3 KG/ANIMAL, DURING 4 MONTHS). PERIODIC CONTROLS WERE CARRIED OUT AT 0, 30, 60, 90 AND 120 DAYS. THE OBTAINED VALUES WERE STATISTICALLY PROCESSED USING A REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN WITH MEAN COMPARISONS BY ORTHOGONAL CONTRASTS. WHEN COMPARING WITH C, FINAL STATISTICS FOR EVERY YEAR INDICATED THAT S REGISTERED HIGHER LEVELS (P VS 2.70 AND 3.32 VS 2.15 MMOL/L), LIPOPROTEIN a (89.2 VS 82.7 AND  90.0 VS 85.1%), HDL-C (2.31 VS 1.79 AND 2.41 VS 1.58 MMOL/L), AND TRIGLYCERIDES (0.55 VS 0.42 AND 0.45 VS 0.35 MMOL/L), AS WELL AS MAJOR WEIGHT GAINS (492 VS 304 AND 352 VS LOSS OF 73 G/ANIMAL/DAY). DIFFERENCES BETWEEN C AND S BEGAN TO BE SIGNIFICANT BY DAYS 60-90 OF THE STUDY. CITRUS PULP ENERGETIC SUPPLY DID NOT CAUSE UNDESIRABLE SECONDARY EFFECTS, BUT THE PHYSIOLOGICAL LIPID PROFILE WAS MODIFIED IN SUPPLEMENTED COWS.

PRIMIPAROUS SOWS WEANED ON DAY 10 POST-FARROWING WERE USED IN TWO EXPERIMENTS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE TWO STRATEGIES OF GONADOTROPIN APPLICATION ON: DURATION OF WEANING-ESTRUS INTERVAL (WEI), DURATION OF ESTRUS (DE), PERCENT OF SOWS IN ESTRUS BEFORE DAY 7 POSTWEANING (EPW), PREGNANCY RATE IN SYNCHRONIZED ESTRUS (PRE), PREGNANCY RATE IN ALL SERVICES (TPR), NUMBER OF PIGLETS BORN ALIVE (PBA), NUMBER OF TOTAL PIGLETS BORN (TPB), NUMBER OF FOLLICLES ON DAY 7 POSTWEANING (SMALL: SF; MEDIUM: MF, AND, LARGE: LF), NUMBER OF CORPORA HEMORRHAGICA (CH), NUMBER OF CORPORA LUTEA (CL), AND NUMBER OF OVULATIONS (ON). TREATMENTS USED IN BOTH EXPERIMENTS WERE: CONTROL (C; SALINE SOLUTION), SIMULTANEOUS GONADOTROPIN (SG; 1 200 UI OF ECG 500 UI OF HCG 24 H POSTWEANING) AND DIFFERED GONADOTROPIN (DG; 1 200 UI OF ECG 24 H POSTWEANING 500 UI OF HCG 96 H POSTWEANING). ESTRUS WAS DETECTED 4 TIMES/DAY, AND BOARS MOUNTED SOWS AT LEAST TWICE. IN EXPERIMENT 1, THE DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY WAS CARRIED OUT ON DAY 35 POSTWEANING (ULTRASOUND). IN EXPERIMENT 2, SOWS WERE SACRIFICED ON DAY 7 POST-SERVICE. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS WERE COLLECTED FOR COUNTING AND MEASURING OVARIAN STRUCTURES AND FOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS. IN BOTH EXPERIMENTS, PERCENTAGE OF EPW WAS HIGHER IN SG AND DG THAN IN C (SAME ORDER FOR EXPERIMENT 1: 94.7, 90.0, 65.0, AND EXPERIMENT 2: 100, 100, 71.4) WHILE PERCENTAGE OF PRE WAS LOWER IN SG COMPARED WITH DG AND C (EXPERIMENT 1: 50.0, 88.9 AND 84.6, AND EXPERIMENT 2: 12.5, 100 AND 100, RESPECTIVELY). TPR (%) TENDED TO BE HIGHER FOR DG THAN FOR C, AND WAS LOWER IN SG THAN IN THE OTHER TWO GROUPS (RESPECTIVELY FOR EXPERIMENT 1: 80.0, 55.0 AND 47.4; AND EXPERIMENT 2: 100.0, 71.4 AND 12.5). WEI (DAYS) WAS SHORTER IN SG AND DG THAN IN C (EXPERIMENT 1: 5.0, 4.7 AND 7.7, AND EXPERIMENT 2: 5.3, 5.2 AND 7.4). CH NUMBER WAS GREATER FOR DG THAN FOR SG AND C (9.0, 1.8 AND 0.2). ON WAS HIGHER, WHEREAS NUMBER OF MF WAS LOWER IN SG AND DG THAN IN C (ON: 27.7, 35.8 AND 15.3; MF: 0, 0.9 AND 4.6). NUMBERS AND DIAMETER OF LF WERE GREATER IN SG THAN IN DG AND C (10.8, 2.8 AND 0.9 FOLLICLES; 20.5, 8.7 AND 7.5 MM, RESPECTIVELY). NUMBERS OF PBA, TPB, SF AND CL DID NOT DIFFER AMONG GROUPS. SUMMARIZING, RELATIVE TO C, DG AND SG IMPROVED NUMBER OF SOWS IN ESTRUS DURING THE FIRST SEVEN DAYS POSTWEANING BUT SG REDUCED PG, WHEREAS DG DID NOT. THEREFORE, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT DG MIGHT BE USED IN ORDER TO FACILITATE ADOPTION OF EARLY WEANING IN FARMS.

STOCHASTICALLY SIMULATED DAIRY HERDS WITH GENETIC, ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL PARAMETERS FOR MILK, FAT AND PROTEIN PRODUCTION IN ITALY, THE NETHERLANDS AND THE UNITED STATES, AND FOR MILK YIELD IN MEXICO FOR INVESTMENT HORIZONS OF 10 AND 20 YEARS WERE USED TO EVALUATE SIRE SELECTION STRATEGIES. ONE TO TWENTY PROGENY AND PEDIGREE-EVALUATED SIRES THAT WERE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FROM US AI UNITS IN JANUARY OF 1996, AND GENETIC TRENDS, WERE USED AS A BASIS FOR SELECTION ON EXPECTED PROFIT EACH YEAR. THE USE OF 20 RANDOMLY CHOSEN YOUNG TESTING SIRES WITH LOW SEMEN COST WAS ALSO EVALUATED. AVERAGE PROFIT, LOWER 95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT OF PROFIT (LCL95), AND UTILITY (PROFIT 0.06 €” VARIANCE OF PROFIT) WERE OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF 1 000 REPLICATES. SIMULATIONS USING ONE SIRE PER YEAR ALWAYS GAVE THE MAXIMUM AVERAGE PROFIT. THE NUMBER OF SIRES FOR MAXIMUM RESPONSE FOR LCL95 WERE SMALLER IN COUNTRIES WITH GREATER PROFITS AND AN INVESTMENT HORIZON OF 20 YEARS. FOR UTILITY, THE NUMBER OF SIRES FOR MAXIMUM RESPONSE TENDED TO BE 10 TO 20 IN MOST SITUATIONS. USE OF EITHER SELECTED PROGENY-EVALUATED, OR YOUNG SELECTED SIRES, WAS SUPERIOR TO USE OF RANDOMLY CHOSEN YOUNG SIRES FOR PROFIT, AND LCL95 FOR PROFIT, AT YEAR 20 IN ALL COUNTRIES AND HERD SIZES STUDIED, BUT WAS GENERALLY INFERIOR FOR UTILITY AT YEAR 10. THE EFFECT OF HERD SIZE ON OPTIMUM DECISIONS WAS SMALL, ALTHOUGH LCL95, AND, ESPECIALLY, UTILITY WERE SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER FOR HERDS OF LESS THAN 100 COWS. A VALUE OF 0.06 TIMES THE VARIANCE OF PROFIT IN THE CALCULATION OF UTILITY SEEMS UNNECESSARILY LOW FOR RESTRAINING RISK. OPTIMUM SELECTION OF DAIRY SIRES FOR AI DEPEND ON ECONOMIC AND MANAGERIAL CONDITIONS AND ON THE DEGREE OF RISK AVERSION, AS WELL AS THE INVESTMENT HORIZON. HENCE, OPTIMUM STRATEGIES FOR SIRE SELECTION WILL DIFFER AMONG COUNTRIES AND EVEN AMONG PRODUCERS WITHIN A COUNTRY.

A DAIRY FARM WITH 510 HOLSTEIN COWS IN MILK PRODUCTION, IN WHICH INSECTICIDE WAS NOT APPLIED THROUGHOUT THE STUDY, WAS VISITED WEEKLY FROM MARCH 1999 TO MARCH 2001, SELECTING ON EACH OCCASION TEN PERCENT OF THE DAIRY COWS FOR ADULT HORN FLY COUNTS ON DIRECT OBSERVATION. WEEKLY AVERAGE FLY NUMBERS PER COW WERE CALCULATED SO AS TO IDENTIFY PERIODS CORRESPONDING TO THE FIRST POPULATION INCREMENT, FLUCTUATION, SECOND INCREMENT AND DECREMENT. PEARSON'S CORRELATION ANALYSIS WAS CALCULATED (P < 0.01) BETWEEN CLIMATIC FACTORS AND TEMPERATURE, RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND RAINFALL, AS WELL AS FLY COUNTS FOR EACH OF THE POPULATION PERIODS. THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF FLIES PER COW WAS OBSERVED NEAR THE POPULATION PEAKS, IN SUMMER - FALL, BUT THIS WAS NEVER GREATER THAN 120 FLIES PER COW. ADULT FLIES WERE NOT OBSERVED FROM JANUARY TO MARCH. HIGH CORRELATION INDICES, 0.80 AND 0.85, WERE FOUND IN THE FIRST TEMPERATURE INCREASE, AND 0.68 AND 0.71 FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY, IN EACH YEAR STUDIED. IN THE DECREASE, HIGH CORRELATION INDICES, 0.79 AND 0.80, FOR TEMPERATURE, WERE FOUND. THERE WAS NOT A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WITH RAINFALL. THE ANNUAL DISTRIBUTION OF H. IRRITANS INFESTATION WAS MOST INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE, LIMITING OR PROMOTING THE POPULATION PERIODS IDENTIFIED.

COPPER (CU) DEFICIENCY DIAGNOSIS IN RUMINANTS IS BASED ON MEASUREMENTS OF SERUM AND HEPATIC LEVELS. ANOTHER PREDICTOR OF HYPOCUPROSIS IS THE SERUM CERULOPLASMIN (CP) LEVEL. IN ORDER TO TRY TO FIND A RELIABLE AND PRACTICAL ALTERNATIVE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CU DEFICIENCIES IN RUMINANTS, CU, CP AND CU:CP RATIO WERE DETERMINED IN 20 DAIRY COWS PRIOR TO SLAUGHTER. HEPATIC SAMPLES WERE TAKEN FROM THE SAME ANIMALS IN ORDER TO OBTAIN AN ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF CU STATUS. CU AND CP LEVELS WERE WITHIN THE REFERENCE RANGE. JEANS ANALYSES OF VARIANCE AND CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CU AND CP WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT (P > 0.05). NEITHER HYPOCUPRE-MIA IN SERUM ANALYSES, NOR HYPOCUPROSIS, IN HEPATIC SAMPLES, WERE OBSERVED. GIVEN THE RESULTS, CP:CU RATIO WAS NOT FOUND TO BE A GOOD PREDICTOR OF CU STATUS IN COWS.

IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF FOUR MEXICAN SOYBEAN MEALS FROM THE STATES OF GUANAJUATO, VERACRUZ, HIDALGO AND NUEVO LEON IN MEXICO, TWO EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED. PREVIOUSLY TO THE EXPERIMENTS, MEALS WERE ANALYZED, RESULTING TO BE WITHIN STANDARDS FOR CRUDE PROTEIN, AMINO ACID PROFILE, UREASE ACTIVITY AND PROTEIN SOLUBILITY. DATA OBTAINED IN EXPERIMENT ONE, IN WHICH SOYBEAN MEALS WERE USED AS A PROTEIN SOURCE IN SORGHUM SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS FOR BROILERS DURING 42 DAYS, INDICATED THAT FOR WEIGHT GAIN (2 057, 2 004, 2 078 AND 1 978 G), FEED CONSUMPTION (3 860, 3 763, 3 666 AND 3 498 G) AND FEED CONVERSION (1.87, 1.88, 1.76 AND 1.77) THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES (P < 0.05) AMONG THE FOUR MEALS. IN EXPERIMENT TWO, TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (TME) WAS DETERMINED IN LEGHORN ROOSTERS BY USING A PRECISE FEEDING METHOD WITH THE FOUR SOYBEAN MEALS. RESULTS WERE 2 450, 2 384, 2 430 AND 2 290 KCAL/KG WITH A MEAN OF 2 388 KCAL/KG, WITHOUT DIFFERENCES (P < 0.05) AMONG MEALS, AND SHOWED NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE OF THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE AMONG THE FOUR SOURCES OF SOYBEAN MEAL USED REGARDING BROILER PERFORMANCE AND DETERMINATION OF THE TME.